Guía etnobotánica de plantas medicinales de las parroquias rurales de Cuenca-Ecuador

Abad, M. J., Bedoya, L. M., Apaza, L. y Bermejo, P. (2012). The Artemisia L. genus: A review of bioactive essential oils. Molecules, 17(3), 2542–2556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17032542

Adamovic, M., Adamovic, A., Andjic, M., Dimitrijevic, J., Zdravkovic, N., Kostic, O., Pecarski, D., Pecarski, T., Obradovic, D. y Tomovic, M. (2024). The Botany, Phytochemistry and the Effects of the Juglans regia on Healthy and Diseased Skin. Cosmetics, 11(5), 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11050163

Adom, M. B., Taher, M., Mutalabisin, M. F., Amri, M. S., Abdul Kudos, M. B., Wan Sulaiman, M. W. A., Sengupta, P. y Susanti, D. (2017). Chemical constituents and medical benefits of Plantago major. Biomedicine&Pharmacotherapy, 96, 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152

Agroforestry Research Trust. (s/f). Plants. https://bit.ly/4jxay5j

Akter, Y., Junaid, M., Afrose, S. S., Nahrin, A., Alam, M. S., Sharmin, T., Akter, R. y Hosen, S. M. Z. (2021). A comprehensive review on Linum usitatissimum medicinal plant: Its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and ethnomedicinal uses. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(18), 2801–2834. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557521666210203153436

Al-Sereiti, M. R., Abu-Amer, K. M. y Sen, P. (1999). Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 37(2), 124–130. https://bit.ly/44ZIYKB

Al-Snafi, A. E. (2015). Bioactive components and pharmacological effects of Canna indica – An overview. International Journal of Pharmacology&Toxicology, 5(2), 71–75. https://bit.ly/43vHkxN

Al-Snafi, A. E. (2017). Chemical contents and medical importance of Dianthus caryophyllus – A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 7(3), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0703016171

Al-Snafi, A. E. (2017). Chemical contents and medical importance of Dianthus caryophyllus—A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 7(3), 61–71. https://bit.ly/4kmM4Nv

Al-Snafi, A. E., Khadem, H. S., Al-Saedy, H. A., Alqahtani, A. M., Batiha, G. E. S. y Jafari-Sales, A. (2021). A review on Medicago sativa: A potential medicinal plant. International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, 1(2), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijbpsa.2021.1.2.0302

Al-Sowayan, N., Al-Harbi, F. y Alrobaish, S. (2024). Artemisia: A comprehensive review of phytochemistry, medicinal properties, and biological activities. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 12(11), 524–537. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2024.1211040

Aldibekova, D., Kizaibek, M., Aisijiang, M., Dyuskaliyeva, G., Angsar Taldau, A. y Erkinbek, M. (2018). Morphology, Anatomy, Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Xanthium spinosum L. and Xanthium strumarium L. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.3844/ojbsci.2018.237.246

Algradi, A. M., Liu, Y., Yang, B.-Y. y Kuang, H.-X. (2021). Review on the genus Brugmansia: Traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113910

Ali Kashkooe, A., Jalali, A., Zarshenas, M. M. y Hamedi, A. (2024). Exploring the phytochemistry, signaling pathways, and mechanisms of action of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip.: A comprehensive literature review. Biomedicines, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102297

Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A. y Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.007

Alobaidi, S. (2024). Renal health benefits and therapeutic effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum): A review. Frontiers in Medicine, 11. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmed.2024.1494740

American Herbal Products Association. (2024). Herbs in History. https://bit.ly/4jxdgb9

Amin, S., Ullah, B. y Khan, H. (2016). Pharmacology of Xanthium species: A review. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 5(3):126-127. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2016.5308

Amtaghri S., Slaoui M. y Eddouks M. (2024). Mentha Pulegium: A Plant with Several Medicinal Properties. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 24(3), 302-320. https://bit.ly/4kJUlLb

Andrade, M. A., Cardoso, M. G., Batista, L. R., Freire, J. M. y Nelson, D. L. (2011). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Pelargonium odoratissimum. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 21(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000009

Ansari, R., Zarshenas, M. M. y Dadbakhsh, A. H. (2019). A review on pharmacological and clinical aspects of Linum usitatissimum L. Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 16(2), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163815666180521101136

Antropocene. (2023, 15 de marzo). Urtica urens. Un mondo ecosostenibile dentro i codici della natura. https://bit.ly/3FkbPPt

AquaPortail. (s/f). Clinopodium brownei. Guía de especies, Plantas acuáticas. https://bit.ly/3FzZTZT

Armijos C., Ramírez J. y Vidari, G. (2022). Poorly Investigated Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants. Plants. https://bit.ly/3SwE5Bf

Asgarpanah, J. y Khoshkam, R. (2012). Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Ruta graveolens L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6(23). https://bit.ly/4mFAIpp

Badgujar, S. B., Patel, V. V. y Bandivdekar, A. H. (2014). Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology. BioMed Research International, 2014, 842674. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/842674

Badgujar, S. B., Patel, V. V. y Bandivdekar, A. H. (2014). Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology. BioMed Research International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/842674

Badgujar, S. B., Patel, V. V., Bandivdekar, A. H. y Mahajan, R. T. (2014). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus carica: A review. Pharmaceutical Biology, 52(11), 1487–1503. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.892515

Badgujar, S. B., Patel, V. V., Bandivdekar, A. y Mahajan, R. (2014). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus carica: A review. Pharmaceutical Biology, 52(11), 1487–1503. https://bit.ly/3StV3QP

Bahrami, R., Ghobadi, A., Behnoud, N. y Akhtari, E. (2018). Medicinal Properties of Daucus carota in Traditional Persian Medicine and Modern Phytotherapy. Journal of Biochemical Technology, Special Issue(2), 107–114. https://bit.ly/3HcmyMc

Bahramsoltani, R., Rostamiasrabadi, P., Shahpiri, Z., Marques, A. M., Rahimi, R. y Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Aloysia citrodora Paláu (Lemon verbena): A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 222, 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.021

Bahramsoltani, R., Rostamiasrabadi, P., Shahpiri, Z., Marques, A. M., Rahimi, R. y Farzaei, M. (2018). Aloysia citrodora Paláu (Lemon verbena): A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 222, 34–51. https://bit.ly/3Hk8VL3

Balkenhol, M., van den Hemel, E. y Stengs, I. (2020). Introduction: Emotional entanglements of sacrality and secularity—Engaging the paradox. En Autor (eds.), The Secular Sacred: Emotions of Belonging and the Perils of Nation and Religion (pp. 1-18). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38050-2_1

Balkrishna, A., Chaudhary, M., Sharma, H., Srivastava, D., Kukreti, A., Kumar, A. y Arya, V. (2023). Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal aspects of Allium fistulosum L.: A narrative review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 13(10), 001–012. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2023.142822

Bartolome, A. P., Villaseñor, I. M. y Yang, W. C. (2013). Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): Botanical properties, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 340215. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/340215

Batiha, G. E.-S., Olatunde, A., El-Mleeh, A., Hetta, H. F. y Al-Rejaie, S. (2020). Bioactive compounds, pharmacological actions, and pharmacokinetics of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Antibiotics, 9(6), 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060353

Batiha, G. E.-S., Tene, S. T., Teibo, J. O., Shaheen, H. M., Oluwatoba, O. S., Teibo, T. K. A., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Garbee, A. I., Alexiou, A. y Papadakis, M. (2023). The phytochemical profiling, pharmacological activities, and safety of Malva sylvestris: A review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 396(3), 421–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02329-w

Ben Hsouna, A. y Hamdi, N. (2012). Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils and organic extracts from Pelargonium graveolens growing in Tunisia. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11, 167. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-11-167

Benedec, D., Oniga, I., Hanganu, D., Tiperciuc, B., Nistor, A., Vlase, A.-M., Vlase, L., Puscas, C., Duma, M., Login, C. C., Niculae, M. y Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R. (2023). Stachys Species: Comparative Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential. Antibiotics, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111644

Bernal Ochoa, A. M., Colareda, G. A., Matera, S., Ragone, M. I., Isolabella, S., Filip, R. y Consolini, A. E. (2021). Intestinal/uterine antispasmodics, sedative effects of Fuchsia magellanica Lam. leaves’ and flowers’ extracts and their flavonolic components. Phytomedicine Plus, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100060

Bernal, R., Gradstein, S. R. y Celis, M. (eds.). (2015). Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (Universidad Nacional de Colombia).

Blankespoor, J. (2023). Violet’s edible and medicinal uses. Chestnut School of Herbal Medicine. https://bit.ly/3SS94rP

Boeing, T., Moreno, K. G. T., Gasparotto Júnior, A., Silva, L. M. y de Souza, P. (2021). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Equisetum (Equisetaceae): A narrative review of the species with therapeutic potential for kidney diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6658434

Boukhris, M., Simmonds, M. S. J., Sayadi, S. y Bouaziz, M. (2013). Chemical composition and biological activities of polar extracts and essential oil of rose-scented geranium, Pelargonium graveolens. Phytotherapy Research, 27(8), 1206–1213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4853

Buitrago, D., Rojas, L. B., Rojas, J. y Morales, A. (2010). Volatile compounds from Tagetes pusilla (Asteraceae) collected from the Venezuela Andes. Natural Product Communications, 5(8), 1283–1284. https://bit.ly/4dFE0oy.

Burbano, I., Echeverria, M., Idrovo, G., Zambrano, A., Garzón, D., Revelo, J., Jaramillo, M. y Samson, E. (2012). El viaje de la ayahuasca. Revista Enfoque, Suplemento de los estudiantes de periodismo multimedios del colegio de comunicación y artes contemporáneas, 1, 1-3. Universidad San Francisco de Quito. https://bit.ly/3EBEj6W

CABI. (2024). CABI Compendium. https://bit.ly/43BROvF

Calvopiña, K., Malagón, O., Capetti, F., Sgorbini, B., Verdugo, V. y Gilardoni, G. (2021). A new sesquiterpene essential oil from the native Andean species Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae): Chemical analysis, enantiomeric evaluation, and cholinergic activity. Plants, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102102

Campo, L. (2008). Diccionario básico de antropología. Abya-Yala.

Cartuche, V. (2017). Prácticas médicas ancestrales de la cultura saraguro, provincia de Loja. Sur Academia: Revista Académica-Investigativa de la Facultad Jurídica, Social y Administrativa de la Universidad Nacional de Loja, 4(7), 8-12. https://bit.ly/42XUZNU

Castellanos, A. (2022). Albahaca (Ocimum basilicum), cultivo y beneficios. AnimalesBiología. https://bit.ly/4kEOHda

Castillo-Vera, H., Cochachin, E. y Albán, J. (2017). Plantas comercializadas por herbolarios en el mercado del distrito de Cajabamba, Cajamarca, Perú. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 16(3), 303–313. https://bit.ly/4kFfwxY

Catálogo virtual de flora del valle de Aburrá (Universidad EIA). (s/f). Myrcia popayanensis. https://bit.ly/4kMdgFa

Cazar, M. E., Abad, D. H., Idrovo, A. M. y Barrera, D. A. (2023). Assessment of antioxidant activities of Epidendrum secundum Jacq., a terrestrial orchid from southern Ecuadorian highlands. South African Journal of Botany, 157, 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.01.050

Ccana-Ccapatinta, G. V., Padilla-Gonzalez, G. F., Ferreira, P. L., Monge, M., Casoti, R., Corradin, M., Semir, J., Groppo, M. y Da Costa, F. (2021). Phenolic profiling of medicinal species of Chuquiraga, Asteraceae, by HPLC fingerprinting. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 31(4), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-021-00177-y

Celi, D., Quiroz, E., Beltrán-Noboa, A., Machado, A., Tejera, E. y Fernández-Soto, P. (2024). A chemical analysis of the Pelargonium species: P. odoratissimum, P. graveolens, and P. zonale identifies secondary metabolites with activity against gram-positive bacteria with multidrug-resistance. PLoS ONE, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306637

Célis, C., Sequeda-Castañeda, L. G. y Luengas-Caicedo, P. E. (2015). Phytochemical and therapeutic use of Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz y Pav.) Pers. (Asteraceae). Pharmacologyonline, 2, 14–17. https://bit.ly/3Fb3FJa

Chandra, S., Rawat, D. S., Chandra, D. y Rastogi, J. (2016). Nativity, Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany and Pharmacology of Dianthus caryophyllus. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 10(1), 1–9. https://bit.ly/4mD7OWV

Chaudhary, R., Kumar, S., Malik, J., Singh, G. y Siroliya, V. K. (2023). A review of the phytochemical and pharmacological potential of the watercress plant (Nasturtium officinale): A medicinal plant. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science Archive, 11(4), 121–131. https://bit.ly/4khLd0v

ColPlantA. (s/f). Paspalum bonplandianum Flüggé. En Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Useful Plants of Colombia. https://bit.ly/4jzQlMz

CONABIO (Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad). (s/f). Ficha técnica: Aloe vera. https://bit.ly/43xzdAM

Coral Robalino, A. (2018). Diseño de una planta para la elaboración de un deshidratado para infusión de sunfo Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze (Tesis de grado). Escuela Politécnica Nacional. https://bit.ly/3T5pxbY

Coutinho, T. E., Leite, L. F. C., Pereira, A. P. S. y Andrade, J. R. (2025). Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Hyperglycemic, and Anti-Aging Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Fractions Obtained from Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché Fruit Pulp and Peel Extracts. Molecules, 30(3), 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030557

Csepregi, R., Temesfői, V., Das, S., Alberti, Á., Tóth, C. A., Herczeg, R., Papp, N. y Kőszegi, T. (2020). Cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and effects on cell migration of phenolic compounds of selected Transylvanian medicinal plants. Antioxidants, 9(2), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020166

Cueva-Chamba, A., Tapia, J. y Rojas, R. (2023). Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities of species of the genus Desmodium: A literature review. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 22(3), 701–730. https://bit.ly/4kcbMnN

De Feo, V. (2004). The ritual use of Brugmansia species in traditional Andean medicine in Northern Peru. Economic Botany, 58, S221–S229. https://bit.ly/4jtnUQ8

Domínguez-Fernández, R. N., Vázquez-Durán, A., Moreno-Terrazas, R. y Juárez-Flores, B. I. (2012). El gel de Aloe vera: estructura, composición química, procesamiento, actividad biológica e importancia en la industria farmacéutica y alimentaria. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 11(1), 29–43. https://bit.ly/4mAMCAN

Duke, J. A. (2008). Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420043174

Earthpedia. (s/f). Plants Encyclopedia. https://bit.ly/4dHoCbp

El Mihyaoui, A., Esteves da Silva, J. C. G., Charfi, S., Candela Castillo, M. E. y Lamarti, A. (2022). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses. Life, 12(4), 479. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040479

Emamghoreishi, M. y Heidari-Hamedani, G. (2006). Sedative-hypnotic activity of extracts and essential oil of coriander seeds. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 31(1), 22–27. https://bit.ly/4mvy85f

Encyclopaedia Britannica. (s/f). Science Portal. https://bit.ly/3Hibmxz

Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia (Universidad EIA). (2023). Amaranthus caudatus. En Catálogo de árboles urbanos en Colombia. https://bit.ly/3HkqyKE

EsSalud. (2014, 13 de noviembre). EsSalud promueve consumo de la chancapiedra para eliminar los cálculos renales y combatir la hipertensión. https://bit.ly/3SxugDa

FACENA (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura). (s/f). Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal: Piperaceae. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. https://bit.ly/4knQx2F

Feyzabadi, Z., Ghorbani, F., Vazani, Y. y Zarshenas, M. M. (2017). A critical review on phytochemistry, pharmacology of Viola odorata L. and related multipotential products in traditional Persian medicine. Phytotherapy Research, 31(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5909

Field Museum. (s/f). Herbário Rapid Reference. https://bit.ly/4kw4jQw

Field Museum. (s/f). Rapid Reference Catalogue. https://bit.ly/4kESO9h

Fitoterapia.net. (s/f). Plantas medicinales: Orégano. https://bit.ly/43SWui5

Flora de la Mitad del Mundo. (2022). Repositorio Digital: Flora de la Mitad del Mundo. UETMM. https://bit.ly/3T0TDgE

Flora de Pomasqui. (2018, 30 de diciembre). Sábila (Aloe vera). https://bit.ly/3T59pY0

Fuentes Barros, G., Echeverría, J., Mattar, C., Liberona, L., Giordano, A., Cristian Suárez Rozas, C., Salas Norambuena, J., González Cooper, A., Cassels, B. y Castro Saavedra, S. (2023). Phytochemical variation of wild and farmed populations of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina), Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35. https://bit.ly/4jGHWXK

Gardenia.net. (s/f). Plant finder. https://bit.ly/3T3FWO4

Gentry, H. S. (1982). Agaves of continental North America. University of Arizona Press. https://bit.ly/43i2alz

Geraniaceae. (s/f). Pelargonium auritum var. auritum. https://bit.ly/4jy2Nfr

Ghazizadeh, J., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., Marx, W., Fakhari, A., Hamedeyazdan, S., Torbati, M., Taheri-Tarighi, S, Khodaei, M. y Mirghafourvand, M. (2021). The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytotherapy Research, 35(12), 6575–6589. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7252

Gil-Martínez, L., Mut-Salud, N., Ruiz-García, J. A., Falcón-Piñeiro, A., Maijó-Ferré, M., Baños, A., De la Torre-Ramírez, J. M., Guillamón, E., Verardo, V. y Gómez-Caravaca, A. M. (2023). Phytochemicals Determination, and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Blackberry Fruits. Foods, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071505

Gligor, O., Clichici, S., Moldovan, R., Muntean, D., Vlase, A.-M., Nadăs, G. C., Filip, G. A., Vlase, L. y Crisan, G. (2022). Influences of Different Extraction Techniques and Their Respective Parameters on the Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Xanthium spinosum L. Extracts. Plants, 12(1), 96. https://bit.ly/4knSsnT

Graham, M. A. (2003). Food, health, and identity in a rural Andean community. En J. D. Koss-Chioino, T. Leatherman y C. Greenway. (eds.), Medical pluralism in the Andes (pp. 148–165). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203222515-12

Grauso, L., Emrick, S., De Falco, B., Lanzotti, V. y Bonanomi, G. (2019). Common dandelion: A review of its botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles. Phytochemistry Reviews, 18(3), 645–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09622-2

Guamán Ordóñez, J. A. (2019). Evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana del extracto metanólico de los tallos de Verbena litoralis Kunth (Tesis de grado). Universidad Técnica de Machala. https://bit.ly/4kk5cf1

Guedes, L., Reis, P. B. P. S., Machuqueiro, M., Ressaissi, A., Pacheco, R. y Serralheiro, M. L. (2019). Bioactivities of Centaurium erythraea (Gentianaceae) decoctions: Antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition and docking studies. Molecules, 24(20), 3795. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203795

Guerrero Bonilla, D. A., Granda-Albuja, M. G., Guevara, M., Iturralde, G. A., Jaramillo-Vivanco, T., Giampieri, F. y Alvarez-Suarez, J. M. (2020). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of Chuquiraga jussieui J.F.Gmel from the highlands of Ecuador. Natural Product Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1548450

Hadi, M. Y., Hameed, I. H. e Ibraheam, I. A. (2017). Mentha pulegium: Medicinal uses, Anti-Hepatic, Antibacterial, Antioxidant effect and Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10(10). https://bit.ly/3HlqL0l

Hamdi, O. A. A., Mustafa, S. y Mohammed, M. (2020). Determination of phytochemical and antioxidant activities of Aloe vera gel extracts. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences, 4(10), 15–22. https://bit.ly/3Z7rM1X

Hasanudin, K., Hashim, P. y Mustafa, S. (2012). Corn silk (Stigma maydis) in healthcare: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Molecules, 17(8), 9697–9715. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089697

Hasdemir, Ö., Kesbiç, O. S., Cravana, C. y Fazio, F. (2023). Antioxidant Performance of Borago officinalis Leaf Essential Oil and Protective Effect on Thermal Oxidation of Fish Oil. Sustainability, 15(13), 10227. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310227

Health.com. (2024, 6 de mayo). What To Know Before Using Chanca Piedra. https://bit.ly/43n5egi

Healthline. (2018). 10 Impressive Health Benefits of Fava Beans. healthline. https://bit.ly/4dBaG2x

Healthline. (s/f). Dandelion: Health Benefits and Side Effects. https://bit.ly/4jF4DLW

Hinojosa Becerra, M., Rivas Paladines, M. A. y Maldonado Espinosa, M. (2020). Efectos psicológicos en los rituales ancestrales en Saraguro-Ecuador. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology: INFAD. Revista de Psicología, 1(1), 463-476.

Hong, Y. H., Chao, W. W., Chen, M. L. y Lin, B. F. (2009). Ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sprouts inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Science, 16(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-16-64

Hu, Q.-H., Ning, X.-Y., Ma, C.-G. y Chen, X.-W. (2021). Comparative study on functional components, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of Amaranthus caudatus L. oils obtained by different solvents extraction. Journal of Oleo Science, 70(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess20157

iNaturalist Ecuador. (s/f). Reino Plantae. https://bit.ly/3FkFMyT

Instituto Misael Acosta. (s/f). Jardín Botánico: Catálogo. https://bit.ly/4dJHg2n

Islomova, S., Asqarov, I., Bussmann, R. W., Khojimatov, O. K., Zafar, M. y Makhkamov, T. (2023). Ethnobotany, medicinal utilization and analysis of biogenic elements and flavonoids of Apium graveolens and Tussilago farfara from Uzbekistan. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 26, 1–12. https://bit.ly/4kHJ4v2

Izuegbuna, O., Otunola, G. y Bradley, G. (2019). Estimation of Phytochemical, Vitamins Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Pelargonium inquinans Leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(2), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.37

Jimoh, M. O., Afolayan, A. J. y Lewu, F. B. (2019). Therapeutic uses of Amaranthus caudatus L. Tropical Biomedicine, 36(4), 1038–1053. https://bit.ly/3SlEXst

Joshi, B. R., Hakim, M. M. y Patel, I. C. (2022). The biological active compounds and biological activities of Desmodium species from Indian region: A review. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(1), 1–12. bit.ly/3Z3uvJY

Kalam, A., Ahmad, A. y Tabassum, B. (2020). KAHU (Lactuca sativa Linn.): Morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological profile in Unani and modern perspective—A review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9(7), 1322–1337. https://bit.ly/4jkwLn5

Karkanis, A., Vellios, E., Thomaidis, T., Bilalis, D., Travlos, I. y Haralambous, G. (2014). Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Burnet Weed (Sanguisorba spp.): A Review. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 6(4), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb649471

Kasali, F. M., Tusiimire, J., Kadima, J. N. y Agaba, A. G. (2021). Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and evidence‐based pharmacological properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: Extensive overview. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00306-3

Kashkooe, A., Jalali, A., Zarshenas, M. M. y Hamedi, A. (2024). Exploring the phytochemistry, signaling pathways, and mechanisms of action of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip.: A comprehensive literature review. Biomedicines, 12(10). https://bit.ly/4jwHATh

Kee, L., Shori, A. y Hj Baba, A. (2017). Bioactivity and health effects of Mentha spicata. Integrative Food, Nutrition and Metabolism, 5. https://bit.ly/3HomfhG

Khare, C. P. (2007). Indian medicinal plants: An illustrated dictionary. Springer Nature Link. https://bit.ly/3HkCdJv

Khatib, S., Faraloni, C. y Bouissane, L. (2025). Tanacetum balsamita L.: Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Profiling, and Biological Activities. Drugs and Drug Candidates, 4(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc4010010

Kiani, H. S., Ali, A., Zahra, S., Hassan, Z. U., Kubra, K. T., Azam, M. y Zahid, H. F. (2022). Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Potential of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon) and Impact on Gut Microbiota. AppliedChem, 2(4), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem2040016

Kuchekar M., Upadhye M., Kulkarni A., Zambare A., Shirke D. y Kore P. (2022). Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae): Pharmacology, Toxicology and role in female health. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 13(2), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v13i2.2748

Kvist, L. P. y Moraes, M. (2006). Plantas psicoactivas. En M. Moraes, B. Øllgaard, L. Kvist, F. Borchsenius y H. Balslev. (eds.), Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales (pp. 294-312). Universidad Mayor de San Andrés de La Paz.

Lemus-Mondaca, R., Puente-Díaz, L., Cifuentes, A., Lizama, K. y González, P. (2024). Chilean Papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens): A Native Fruit with a High Health-Promoting Functional Potential. Antioxidants, 13(12), 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121521

Lis-Balchin, M. (ed.). (2002). Geranium and Pelargonium: The genera Geranium and Pelargonium. Taylor&Francis. https://bit.ly/3Z6hjUE

Lis-Balchin, M. y Roth, G. (2000). Composition of the essential oils of Pelargonium odoratissimum, P. exstipulatum, and P. × fragrans (Geraniaceae) and their bioactivity. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 15(6), 391–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200011/12)15:6<391::AID-FFJ929>3.0.CO;2-W

Loyola Illescas, J. (2019). Guía de flora: Bosque Protector Aguarongo. Abya-Yala; Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. https://bit.ly/4jPmEat

Luang-In, V., Saengha, W., Karirat, T., Senakun, C. y Siriamornpun, S. (2024). Phytochemical profile of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf lemongrass essential oil from northeastern Thailand and its antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes and cytotoxic effects on HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Foods, 13(18), 2928. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182928

Luo, P., Feng, X., Liu, S. y Jiang, Y. (2024). Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Ruta graveolens L.: A critical review and future perspectives. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 18, 6459–6485. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S494417

Malcolm, B. y Lee, K. (2017). Ayahuasca: An ancient sacrament for treatment of contemporary psychiatric illness? Mental Health Clinician, 7(1), 39-45.

Mandal, A. K., Allu, R., Chandran, R., Gopi, D. K., Narayana, S. K., Prakasam, R. y Ramachandran, S. (2023). Chemical characterization of two botanicals from genus Alternanthera – A. brasiliana (L.) Kuntze and A. paronychioidesA. St.-Hil. Pharmacognosy Research, 16(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.16.1.6

Marciano, M. (s/f). Viola tricolor. The Naturopathic Herbalist. https://bit.ly/4jpmRRb

Marín Gutiérrez, I., Allen-Perkins Avendaño, D., Ruiz San Miguel, F. J. y Hinojosa Becerra, M. (2016). Sustancias enteógenas en Ecuador y los cambios sociales actuales del pueblo shuar. En E. González, A. García, J. García y L. Iglesias. (coords.), Mundos emergentes: cambios, conflictos y expectativas (1068-1077). Asociación Castellano-Manchega de Sociología. https://bit.ly/3GCiTae

Marín Gutiérrez, I., Hinojosa Becerra, M., López Fernández, A. y Carpio Jiménez, L. (2015). El San Pedro y la mujer Saraguro. La medicina tradicional aplicada por la yachakkuna. En M. Cabrera Espinosa y J. López Cordero. (eds.), VII Congreso virtual sobre Historia de las Mujeres. (Del 15 al 31 de octubre del 2014) (pp. 433-446). Archivo Histórico Diocesano de Jaén.

Mathews, I. M., Eastwood, J., Lamport, D. J., Cozannet, R. L., Fanca-Berthon, P. y Williams, C. M. (2024). Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Psychological Well-Being: A Review. Nutrients, 16(20). https://bit.ly/3Zf8tE5

McKay, D. L. y Blumberg, J. B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytotherapy Research, 20(7), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1900

McKay, D. L. y Blumberg, J. B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytotherapy Research, 20(7), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1900

Medical News Today. (2024, 16 de octubre). Spearmint: health benefits and more. https://bit.ly/456zvBc

Miceli, N., Cavò, E., Spadaro, V., Raimondo, F. M., Ragusa, S., Cacciola, F., El Majdoub, Y. O., Arena, K., Mondello, L., Condurso, C., Cincotta, F. y Taviano, M. F. (2021). Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the aerial part extracts from Matthiola incana subsp. rupestris and subsp. pulchella (Brassicaceae), endemic to Sicily. Chemistry&Biodiversity, 18(5), e2100167. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202100167

Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador. (2020). Código de ética de los hombres y mujeres de sabiduría de la medicina ancestral-tradicional de las nacionalidades y pueblos del Ecuador. https://bit.ly/4aGinkU

Montoro, R. (2024, 18 de junio). Chilca, la planta medicinal que combate la bronquitis y alivia el dolor reumático. Infobae. https://bit.ly/3HiYhUL

Moreno-Quiroga, I., Alba-Jiménez, J. E., Aquino-Bolaños, E. y Chávez-Servia, J. (2023). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in Cucurbita ficifolia fruits: an underrated fruit. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 1029826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1029826

Mostafavi, H., Mousavi, S. H., Zalaghi, A. y Delsouzi, R. (2013). Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Stachys byzantina from North-West Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(3), 371–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.813233

Mount Sinai. (s/f). Health Library. https://bit.ly/4kNmOjq

Muccillo-Baisch, A. L., Parker, A. G., Cardoso, G. P., Cezar-Vaz, M. R. y Soares, M. C. F. (2010). Evaluation of the analgesic effect of aqueous extract of Brugmansia suaveolens flower in mice: Possible mechanism involved. Biological Research for Nursing, 11(4), 345–350. https://bit.ly/3FKfg1M

N.C. State Extension. (s/f). North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://bit.ly/3T05H1K

Naseer, S., Hussain, S., Naeem, N., Pervaiz, M. y Rahman, M. (2018). The phytochemistry and medicinal value of Psidium guajava (guava). Clinical Phytoscience, 4, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-018-0093-8

National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2020). Valerian: Fact sheet for health professional. https://bit.ly/3Z8FHFa

National Parks Board. (s/f). Flora&Fauna Web. https://bit.ly/3T2fGne

NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information). (s/f). Taxonomy browser. https://bit.ly/3HmVav6

NCCIH (National Center for Complementary and Ingegrative Health). (s/f). Health information. https://bit.ly/4mMWYho

Neyra-Ontaneda, D. (2017). Psicosis inducida por ayahuasca: reporte de un caso. Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 80(4), 265-272.

Ngo Teke, G., Kemadjou Nana, E. y Kuiate, J. R. (2013). Chemical composition, antimicrobial properties and toxicity evaluation of the essential oil of Cupressus lusitanica Mill. leaves from Cameroon. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-130

Noriega Rivera, P., Mosquera, T., Baldisserotto, A., Abad, J., Aillon, C., Cabezas, D., Piedra, J., Coronel, I. y Manfredini, S. (2015). Chemical composition and in-vitro biological activities of the essential oil from leaves of Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz y Pav. American Journal of Essential Oil and Natural Products, 2(4), 29–31. https://bit.ly/4kvr7jK

Nosrati Gazafroudi, K., Mailänder, L. K., Daniels, R., Kammerer, D. R. y Stintzing, F. C. (2024). From stem to spectrum: Phytochemical characterization of five Equisetum species and evaluation of their antioxidant potential. Molecules, 29(12), 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122821

Orhan, I. E. (2021). A review focused on molecular mechanisms of anxiolytic effect of Valeriana officinalis L. in connection with its phytochemistry through in vitro/in vivo studies. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 27(28). https://bit.ly/43NntKV

Oviedo, A. (2014). Capitalismo, socialismo y armonicidad. En A. Hidalgo Capitán, A. Guillén García y N. Déleg Guazha. (eds.), Antología del pensamiento indigenista ecuatoriano sobre Sumak Kawsay (pp. 297-342). Universidad de Huelva; Universidad de Cuenca.

Özcan, M. y Chalchat, J. C. (2007). Chemical composition of carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.) cultivated in Turkey: Characterization of the seed oil and essential oil. Grasas y Aceites, 58(4), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.2007.v58.i4.447

Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y. y Bussmann, R. W. (eds.). (2020). Ethnobotany of the Andes; Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer. https://bit.ly/43osCdh

Pareek, A., Suthar, M., Rathore, G. S. y Bansal, V. (2011). Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.): A systematic review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5(9), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79105

PeaceHealth. (s/f). Health Information Library. https://bit.ly/4dEVTUC

Peña, C., Guerrero, M., Torres, J. y Sánchez, G. (2020). Cultura ancestral florística de la comunidad kichwa singue central, en la amazonía ecuatoriana. Revista de Investigación Enlace Universitario, 19(1), 115-124.

Pérez Azahuanche, F. R., Guerrero Hurtado, J. del C., Ortiz Rubio, Z. M., Rodríguez Ávalos, F. y León Aponte, G. (2014). Análisis fitoquímico preliminar y evaluación de la actividad hipoglucemiante de Rubus floribundus Kunth (Rosaceae) “zarzamora”. Arnaldoa, 21(2), 9–24. https://bit.ly/3HgFfi2

Pérez, L. (2004). Chamanismo y modernidad: fundamentos etnográficos de un proceso histórico. En O. Calavia, M. Lenaerts y A. Spadafora. (eds.), Paraíso abierto, jardines cerrados: Pueblos Indígenas, saberes y biodiversidad (pp. 179-199). Abya-Yala.

PermaTree. (2016, 18 de junio). Bidens andicola planta medicinal de Ecuador. https://bit.ly/43GWQH9

Pl@ntNet. (s/f). Clinopodium brownei (Sw.) Kuntze. World Flora. https://bit.ly/43AIhq9

Plantasflores.com (s/f). Amaranthus caudatus: características y cuidados. https://bit.ly/3T6kGY0

Plants For A Future. (s/f). PFAF Plant database. https://bit.ly/4jrJDb3

Plants For A Future. (s/f). Tropical Plants Database. https://bit.ly/3ZBsODy

Ponticelli, M., Lela, L., Moles, M., Mangieri, C., Bisaccia, D., Faraone, I., Falabella, R. y Milella, L. (2023). The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry, 206, 113518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518

Puente, L. A., Pinto-Muñoz, C. A., Castro, E. S. y Cortés, M. (2011). Physalis peruviana Linnaeus, the multiple properties of a highly functional fruit: A review. Food Research International, 44(7), 1733–1740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.034

Quiñones-Muñoz, T., Villanueva-Rodríguez, S. y Torruco-Uco J. (2022). Nutraceutical properties of Medicago sativa L., Agave spp., Zea mays L., and Avena sativa L.: A review of metabolites and mechanisms. Metabolites, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090806

Rahimi, R. y Ardekani, M. R. (2013). Medicinal properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 19(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1327-0

Ramezani, M., Amiri, M. S., Zibaee, E., Boghrati, Z., Ayati, Z., Sahebkar, A. y Emami, S. A. (2020). A review on the phytochemistry, ethnobotanical uses and pharmacology of Borago species. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 26(1), 110–128. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191216152733

Rashid, H. M., Mahmod, A. I., Afifi, F. U. y Talib, W. H. (2022). Antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of lemon verbena (Aloysia citrodora): An in vitro and in vivo study. Plants, 11(6), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060785

Rather, M. A., Dar, B. A., Sofi, S. N., Bhat, B. A. y Qurishi, M. A. (2012). Foeniculum vulgare: A comprehensive review of its traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9, 1574–1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.011

Rivero Guerra, A. O. (2021). Uso tradicional de especies de plantas en trece provincias de Ecuador. Collectanea Botanica, 40. https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2021.v40.002

Robles, M. (2004). Mito y filosofía en el mundo andino. Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana Núcleo del Cañar.

Rodríguez Segovia, M. A., Rubio-Jiménez, C., Narvaez-Verdesoto, K. y Tuz-Chamorro, J. (2020). Conocimientos sobre plantas rituales utilizadas por yerbateras de los mercados de Quito, Ecuador: aumentos sobre su estado de conservación. Ethnoscientia: Revista Brasileña de Etnobiología y Etnoecología, 5(1). https://bit.ly/3Gw9fWz

Rojas, D. E. (2014). Ayahuasca: el encuentro de dos paradigmas. Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 77(1), 40.

Romero, J. (2015). De la extirpación a la folklorización: a propósito del continuum colonial en el siglo XXI. Estudios Artísticos, 1(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.14483/25009311.10246

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (s/f). Plants of the World (POWO) Online. https://bit.ly/3GDZXYH

RxList. (s/f). Drug Index. https://bit.ly/43PYVSt

Saini, R. K., Ranjit, A., Sharma, K., Prasad, P., Shang, X., Gowda, K. G. M. y Keum, Y.-S. (2022). Bioactive compounds of Citrus fruits: A review of composition and health benefits of carotenoids, flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenes. Antioxidants, 11(2), 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020239

Samuelsen, A. B. (2000). The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1–2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9

Sánchez Robles, J. y Torres Muros, L. (2020). Educación, etnobotánica y rescate de saberes ancestrales en el Ecuador. Revista ESPACIOS, 41(23), 164–165. https://bit.ly/4jwnPeK

Sánchez-Aguirre, O. A., Sánchez-Medina, A., Juárez-Aguilar, E., Barreda-Castillo, J. M. y Cano-Asseleih, L. M. (2024). Sonchus oleraceus L.: ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology, 397(7), 4555–4578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-02966-3

Sarker, J., Ali, M. R., Khan, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Hossain, A. S. M. S. y Alam, A. H. M. K. (2019). The plant Aerva sanguinolenta: A review on traditional uses, phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 13(26), 89–92. https://bit.ly/3HbaryX

Satpathy, G., Pasricha, V. y Gupta, R. K. (2014). Phytochemical y Antioxidant activity of underutilized legume Vicia faba seeds and formulation of its fortified biscuits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(2), 22–27. https://bit.ly/44YINiO

Schütz, K., Carle, R. y Schieber, A. (2006). Taraxacum—a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 107(3), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021

Selina Wamucii. (s/f). Gamochaeta americana – Uses, Benefits and Common Names. Selina Wamucii Insights. https://bit.ly/4dFygLJ

Sequeda Castañeda, L., Celis, C. y Luengas Caicedo, P. (2015). Phytochemical and therapeutic use of Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz y Pav.) Pers. (Asteraceae). PharmacologyOnLine, 2, 14-17. https://bit.ly/3Fb3FJa

Shah, G., Shri, R., Panchal, V., Sharma, N. y Singh, B. (2011). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemongrass). Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology&Research, 2(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.79796

Shah, G., Shri, R., Panchal, V., Sharma, N., Singh, B. y Mann, A. S. (2011). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf (Lemon grass). Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology&Research, 2(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.79796

Shala, A. Y. y Gururani, M. A. (2021). Phytochemical properties and diverse beneficial roles of Eucalyptus globulusLabill.: A review. Horticulturae, 7(11), 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110450

Sharma, K., Mittal, A. y Chauhan, N. (2015). Aloe vera as penetration enhancer. International Journal of Drug Development&Research, 7(1): 280-285 https://bit.ly/43kwpbu

Shegute, T. y Wasihun, T. (2020). Antibacterial activity and phytochemical components of leaf extracts of Agave americana. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 3(12), 447–454. https://bit.ly/3SpKIoT

Shellie, R. A. y Marriott, P. J. (2003). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil using rapid-scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry. Analyst, 128(7), 879–882. https://doi.org/10.1039/B304371A

SIB (Sistema de Información sobre Biodiversidad). (s/f). Listado de especies registradas. https://bit.ly/43mdvB4

Silva dos Santos Franciscato, L. M., Mendes, S. S., Frederico, C., Gonçalves, J. E., Faria, M. G. I., Gazim, Z. C. y Ruiz, S. P. (2022). Parsley (Petroselinum crispum): Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from organic against foodborne pathogens. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 16(5), 605–611. https://bit.ly/3SUUvU7

Singh, A., Dhariwal, S. y Navneet. (2018). Traditional uses, antimicrobial potential, pharmacological properties and phytochemistry of Viola odorata: A mini review. Journal of Phytopharmacology, 7(1), 103–105. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2018.7120

Singla, R. K., Dhir, V., Madaan, R., Kumar, D., Bola, S. S., Bansal, M., Kumar, S., Dubey, A. K., Singla, S. y Shen, B. (2022). The genus Alternanthera: Phytochemical and ethnopharmacological perspectives. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.769111

Slama, M., Slougui, N., Benaissa, A., Nekkaa, A., Sellam, F. y Canabady Rochelle, L. (2024). Borago officinalis L.: A review on extraction, phytochemical, and pharmacological activities. Chemistry&Biodiversity, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202301822

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. (s/f). Research: Botany. https://bit.ly/3Sre6v4

Sobolewska, D., Michalska, K., Wróbel-Biedrawa, D., Grabowska, K., Owczarek-Januszkiewicz, A., Olszewska, M. A. y Podolak, I. (2023). The Genus Cuphea P. Browne as a Source of Biologically Active Phytochemicals for Pharmaceutical Application and Beyond—A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076614

Solomon, A., Golubowicz, S., Yablowicz, Z., Grossman, S., Bergman, M., Gottlieb, H. E., Altman, A., Kerem, Z. y Flaishman, M. A. (2006). Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(20), 7717–7723. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060497h

Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E. y Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895–901. https://bit.ly/43TkxNT

Suarez, A, Thu, Z., Ramirez, J., León, D., Cartuche, L., Armijos, Ch. y Vidari, G. (2017). Main Constituents and Antidiabetic Properties of Otholobium mexicanum. Natural product communications, 12(4), 533-535. https://bit.ly/3FAPVaF

Suárez, A. I., Thu, Z. M., Ramírez, J., León, D., Cartuche, L., Armijos, C. y Vidari, G. (2017). Main Constituents and Antidiabetic Properties of Otholobium mexicanum. Natural Product Communications, 12(4), 533–535. https://bit.ly/4dzJkcZ

Surbhi, S., Kumar, A., Singh, S. y Kumari, P. (2021). Eucalyptus: Phytochemical composition, extraction methods and food and medicinal applications. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00582-7

Survase, S. S., Wadulkar, R. D., Satpute, K. L., Tat, S. R., Khare, M. P. y Kulkarni, B. L. (2024). Pharmacological properties of Dianthus caryophyllus: A comprehensive review of its therapeutic potential. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research, 30(12), 335–341. https://bit.ly/4jsm5Tq

Szewczyk, A., Marino, A., Molinari, J., Ekiert, H. y Miceli, N. (2022). Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of agitated cultures of three Rue species: Ruta chalepensis, Ruta corsica, and Ruta graveolens. Antioxidants, 11(3), 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030592

Tardío, J., Pardo-de-Santayana, M., Morales, R., Molina, M. y Aceituno, L. (eds.). (2018). Linum usitatissimum L. Inventario Español de los Conocimientos Tradicionales relativos a la Biodiversidad Agrícola (vol. 1). Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. https://bit.ly/3Hq09et

Taviano, M. F., Miceli, N., Acquaviva, R., Malfa, G. A., Ragusa, S., Giordano, D., Cásedas, G., Les, F. y López, V. (2020). Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of the Traditional Medicinal Plant Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. Biology, 9(7), 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9070163

Tello León, C. G. y Mosquera Tayupanta, T. (2022). El uso de la medicina tradicional en Ecuador en el cuidado de la piel. En T. Mosquera. (ed.), Productos naturales: investigación y perspectivas en Ecuador (pp. 103–127). Abya-Yala. https://bit.ly/4dJPDL2

Texas Invasives. (2023). Invasives Database. https://bit.ly/3HdTqnX

The Useful Tropical Plants Database. (s/f). Useful Tropical Plants Database. https://bit.ly/3ZBsODy

Tinitana, F., Rios, M., Romero-Benavides, J., de la Cruz Rot, M. y Pardo de Santayana, M. (2016). Medicinal plants sold at traditional markets in southern Ecuador. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(1). https://bit.ly/43oC7Jt

TRAMIL. (s/f). TRAMILoteca Plantas. https://bit.ly/3ZcJiSB

Tua Saúde. (2024). Chancapiedra (flor escondida): para qué sirve, propiedades y contraindicaciones. Tratamientos naturales: Plantas medicinales. https://bit.ly/3FBuNky

Tudu, C. K., Dutta, T., Ghorai, M., Biswas, P., Samanta, D., Oleksak, P., Jha, N. K., Kumar, M., Radha, R., Proćków, J., Pérez de la Lastra, J. M. y Dey, A. (2022). Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of garlic (Allium sativum), a storehouse of diverse phytochemicals: A review of research from the last decade focusing on health and nutritional implications. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.929554

Unidad Educativa Técnica Mitad del Mundo. (2020). Repositorio Digital: Flora de la Mitad del Mundo. https://bit.ly/3SsAbcL

Universidad del Azuay. (s/f). Herbario Azuay. https://bit.ly/3HjOspL

Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. (s/f). Introducción al estudio de las angiospermas: Diversidad vegetal, biotaxonomía de spermatofitas. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura (Corrientes. Argentina). https://bit.ly/3FDbtDt

USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service). (2002). Plants Database. https://bit.ly/42EUrxA

Vacas, C., Medina., D., Íñiguez, J. y Navarrete, H. (2022). Los kichwas del alto Napo y sus plantas medicinales. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.

Valarezo, E., Rosillo, M., Cartuche, L., Malagón, O. y Meneses, M. (2013). Chemical composition, antifungal and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz y Pav.) Pers. (Asteraceae) from Loja, Ecuador. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 25(3), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2013.775679

Valarezo, E., Vullien, A. y Conde-Rojas, D. (2021). Variability of the chemical composition of the essential oil from the Amazonian ishpingo species (Ocotea quixos). Molecules, 26(13), 3961. https://bit.ly/3HlS0YF

Van’t Hooft, K. (2004). Gracias a los Animales: Análisis de la crianza pecuaria familiar en Latinoamérica, con estudios de caso en los valles y el altiplano de Bolivia. Plural Editores.

Vega, A., Ampuero, N., Díaz, L. y Lemus, R. (2005). El Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) como componente de alimentos funcionales. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 32(3). https://bit.ly/3HgSi30

Velasco, O. (2010). Aún nos cuidamos con nuestra medicina. Informe de consultoría: Inventario sistematizado de las prácticas sanitarias tradicionales existentes en las poblaciones originarias de los países andinos. ORAS CONHU (Organismo Andino de Salud-Convenio Hipólito Unanue).

Verdugo, V., Calvopiña, K., Malagón, O. y Gilardoni, G. (2023). Main polar metabolites from leaves of the native Andean species Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae). ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M., 3(1), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.18502/espoch.v3i1.14460

Verywell Health. (2025, 11 de abril). 9 Health Benefits of Spearmint. https://bit.ly/43qe7pn

Villaseñor, J. L. y Espinosa, J. (1998/2009). Trifolium amabile Kunth, Trébol de oveja. Catálogo de malezas de México. En H. Vibrans. (ed.), Malezas de México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional Consultivo Fitosanitario; Fondo de Cultura Económica. https://bit.ly/4dP1Gqq

Vinueza, D., Yanza, K., Tacchini, M., Grandini, A., Sacchetti, G., Chiurato, M. A. y Guerrini, A. (2018). Flavonoids in Ecuadorian Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br.: Perspectives of use of this species as a food supplement. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1353129

Vinueza, D., Yanza, K., Tacchini, M., Grandini, A., Sacchetti, G., Chiurato, M. A. y Guerrini, A. (2018). Flavonoids in Ecuadorian Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br.: Perspectives of use of this species as a food supplement. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1353129

Walker, M., Nunez, J., Walkingstick, M. y Banack, S. A. (2004). Ethnobotanical Investigation of the Acjachemen Clapperstick from Blue Elderberry, Sambucus mexicana (Caprifoliaceae). Economic Botany, 58(1), 21–24. https://bit.ly/4mGqViN

Wang, G., Peng, Y. y Cao, Q. (2021). A critical review on phytochemical profile and biological effects of turnip (Brassica rapa L.). Frontiers in Nutrition, 8. https://bit.ly/43qFMoI

Wang, Y., Mao, J., Zhang, M., Liu, L., Zhu, Y., Gu, M., Zhang, J., Bu, H., Sun, Y., Sun, J., Ma, Y., Guo, L., Zheng, Y. y Liu, Q. (2024). An Umbrella Insight into the Phytochemistry Features and Biological Activities of Corn Silk: A Narrative Review. Molecules, 29(4), 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29040891

Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Pang, Y., Mao, Y., Li, X., Tao, Y., Tang, W., Sun, R. y Zhou, X. (2024). Study on chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of Dianthus caryophyllus. Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1438967

Wilches, I., Jiménez-Castillo, P., Cuzco, N., Clos, M. V., Jiménez-Altayó, F., Peñaherrera, E., Jerves-Andrade, L., Tobar, V., Vander Heyden, Y., Leon-Tamariz, F. y Vila, E. (2019). Anti-inflammatory and sedative activities of Peperomia galioides: In vivo studies in mice. Natural Product Research, 35(10), 1657–1661. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1622104

Wilches, I., Tobar, V., Peñaherrera, E., Cuzco, N., Jerves, L., Vander Heyden, Y., León-Tamariz, F. y Vila, E. (2015). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract from Jungia rugosa leaves in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 173, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.004

World Flora Online. (s/f). WFO Plant List. https://bit.ly/43msfQo

Wyse, T. (2023). The holistic properties and uses of sweet violet. EcoParent Magazine. https://bit.ly/3HpePKX

Yadav, D., Singh, P., Mishra, M. y Kwak, M. (2020). Potential Health Benefits of Cucurbita ficifolia: An Updated Review. Progress in Nutrition, 22(3). https://bit.ly/3Z8w9dg

Yadav, R., Sahu, M., Yadav, P. K., Thakur, S. S. y Rathi, J. (2023). Phytochemical estimation and antioxidant potential of Cinchona officinalis L. stem bark extracts. International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, 9(2), 32–35. https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v9i2.65

Yayintas, O. T., Demir, N., Canbolat, F., Kiliçaslan Ayna, T. y Pehlivan, M. (2024). Characterization, biological activity, and anticancer effect of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles using Nasturtium officinale L. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24. https://bit.ly/4jnIa5C

Zamora, M. y Cojtí, I. (2005). Globalización cultural y folklorización de lo “maya”: el caso de la arqueología guatemalteca. XVIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala. En J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo y H. Mejía. (eds.), XVIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2004 (pp. 913-917). Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología de Guatemala. https://bit.ly/42VpUu9

Zarshenas, M. M., Feyzabadi, Z., Ghorbani, F. y Vazani, Y. (2017). A critical review on phytochemistry, pharmacology of Viola odorata L. and related multipotential products in traditional Persian medicine. Phytotherapy Research, 31(11), 1669–1675. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5909

Zea Cobos, A. G. (2005). Determinación in vivo de la eficacia del efecto sedante de la Valeriana officinalis L. en ratones albinos (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad de Cuenca. https://bit.ly/4jxapyX

Zea Cobos, A. G., Caballero, P., Portilla Farfán, F., Vélez Siavichay, J., Orellana Robles, J., Soliz Panamá, J. y Cazorla Orellana, P. (2023). Saberes ancestrales: Uso de las plantas medicinales del cantón Cuenca. Abya-Yala; Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. https://doi.org/10.17163/abyaups.70

Zea Cobos, G., Cazorla Orellana, P. y Portilla Farfán, F. (2019). Plantas medicinales de las parroquias: Nulti, Paccha, Quingeo, Santa Ana, Tarqui, Turi y El Valle. Abya-Yala. https://bit.ly/4dNsXdd